Zarys rozwoju projektowania maszyn elektrycznych

Przedstawiono w ujęciu historycznym zarys rozwoju metod projektowania maszyn elektrycznych. Zaproponowano periodyzację trwających ponad 150 lat działań w tej dziedzinie. Zwrócono uwagę na sekwencyjne oraz iteracyjno-rekursywne metody oraz na intuicyjną oraz obiektywną optymalizację w projektowaniu. Wskazano zmiany w podejściu do projektowania wynikłe z zastosowania ogólnej teorii systemów oraz z ogólnej metodologii pracy badawczej. Szczególnie dużo uwagi poświęcono rozwojowi automatyzacji działań projektowych i ich powiązaniu z konstruowaniem, nawiązując przy tym do rozwoju technik informacyjnych i komunikacyjnych. Wskazano kierunki aktualnych i przyszłościowych badań nad doskonaleniem metod projektowania. W opracowaniu uwzględniono wkład polskich pracowników nauki oraz twórczych inżynierów w omawianej dziedzinie.

The aim of this work is to give an outline of development of the design methods of electric machines as a historical process. Also the state of art in this field is presented. It is proposed to divide this more than 150 years process into following main periods: 1. Pre-designed period, from 1830 till about 1885; 2. Analytical methods without information technologies period, divided into sub-periods: - introductory period, from ~1885 till ~1917; - intuitive optimization period, from ~1917 till ~1950; 3. Digital methods with information and communication technologies period, after ~1950; 4. Objective deterministic optimization, after ~1960; 5. Stochastic optimization, after ~1990. In the introductory part of the second period, as a start point of a design, the output coefficient has been used. This coefficient, defined by different authors is given by formulae (1) ¸ (7). The most physically adequate is the formula ... given by F. Emde [28], which is proportional to the electromagnetic torque of designed machine. The output coefficient is not a "universally constant parameter" for all machines. Value of this parameter depends on many factors, first of all on the rated power and rated rotational speed of the machine. The intuitive optimization started in 1917, after the M. Vidmar work on an economically dimensions of electromagnetic devices. Substantial changes in the design approaches started after 1950 due to application of electronic computers, digital programming, and objective optimization methods. The optimization or a mathematical programming problem is stated by equations (13) and (14). Generally, there exist hundreds of different optimization algorithms; mainly they are slightly improved versions of each other. Optimization methods can be divided into two main groups: deterministic methods, and stochastic methods. In engineering praxis the deterministic methods are often used, in research works - the stochastic one. Deterministic or classical optimization based on algorithm converging often to local extremum. In the modern stochastic methods the optimization is based on statistical analysis. These methods utilize random processes, statistical methods, interval arithmetic's, neural networks, and mainly genetic algorithms. In these methods the finite element optimization is also used. In the paper the attention is also paid to the design automatization and relations to the machine construction with the use of the newly developed information and communication technologies. Last but non-least a substantial contribution of polish researchers and engineers in this field are described.